@article{GalinskyKJ2016,
title = {Population Structure of UK Biobank and Ancient Eurasians Reveals Adaptation at Genes Influencing Blood Pressure},
author = {Galinsky, K. J.
Loh, P. R.
Mallick, S.
Patterson, N. J.
Price, A. L.},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27773431},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-03},
journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics},
abstract = {Analyzing genetic differences between closely related populations can be a powerful way to detect recent adaptation. The very large sample size of the UK Biobank is ideal for using population differentiation to detect selection and enables an analysis of the UK population structure at fine resolution. In this study, analyses of 113,851 UK Biobank samples showed that population structure in the UK is dominated by five principal components (PCs) spanning six clusters: Northern Ireland, Scotland, northern England, southern England, and two Welsh clusters. Analyses of ancient Eurasians revealed that populations in the northern UK have higher levels of Steppe ancestry and that UK population structure cannot be explained as a simple mixture of Celts and Saxons. A scan for unusual population differentiation along the top PCs identified a genome-wide-significant signal of selection at the coding variant rs601338 in FUT2 (p = 9.16 x 10-9). In addition, by combining evidence of unusual differentiation within the UK with evidence from ancient Eurasians, we identified genome-wide-significant (p = 5 x 10-8) signals of recent selection at two additional loci: CYP1A2-CSK and F12. We detected strong associations between diastolic blood pressure in the UK Biobank and both the variants with selection signals at CYP1A2-CSK (p = 1.10 x 10-19) and the variants with ancient Eurasian selection signals at the ATXN2-SH2B3 locus (p = 8.00 x 10-33), implicating recent adaptation related to blood pressure.},
keywords = {blood pressure, Eurasians, population, structure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Pell2014,
title = {One in 30 people in the UK take part in cohort studies},
author = {Jill Pell and Janet Valentine and Hazel Inskip},
url = {http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60412-8/fulltext},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-22},
journal = {The Lancet},
volume = {383},
number = {9922},
pages = {1015 - 1016},
abstract = {On March 21, 2014, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) published Maximising the Value of UK Population Cohorts: MRC Strategic Review of the Largest UK Population Cohort Studies , funded by the MRC and other major funders. The MRC has a 50-year history of supporting population cohort studies, including the 1946 Birth Cohort, the world\'s longest continuously running birth cohort, UK Biobank, which tracks half a million participants, and the Million Women Study, the largest longitudinal study of wo ..},
keywords = {About UKBiobank, population},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Petersen2013,
title = {Imaging in population science: cardiovascular magnetic resonance in 100,000 participants of UK Biobank - rationale, challenges and approaches},
author = {Steffen E Petersen and Paul M Matthews and Fabian Bamberg and David A Bluemke and Jane M Francis and Matthias G Friedrich and Paul Leeson and Eike Nagel and Sven Plein and Frank E Rademakers and Alistair A Young and Steve Garratt and Tim Peakman and Jonathan Sellors and Rory Collins and Stefan Neubauer},
url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/46},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-05-28},
journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {46},
abstract = {UK Biobank is a prospective cohort study with 500,000 participants aged 40 to 69. Recently an enhanced imaging study received funding. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) will be part of a multi-organ, multi-modality imaging visit in 3–4 dedicated UK Biobank imaging centres that will acquire and store imaging data from 100,000 participants (subject to successful piloting). In each of UK Biobank’s dedicated bespoke imaging centres, it is proposed that 15–20 participants will undergo a 2 to 3 hour visit per day, seven days a week over a period of 5–6 years. The imaging modalities will include brain MRI at 3 Tesla, CMR and abdominal MRI at 1.5 Tesla, carotid ultrasound and DEXA scans using carefully selected protocols. We reviewed the rationale, challenges and proposed approaches for concise phenotyping using CMR on such a large scale. Here, we discuss the benefits of this imaging study and review existing and planned population based cardiovascular imaging in prospective cohort studies. We will evaluate the CMR protocol, feasibility, process optimisation and costs. Procedures for incidental findings, quality control and data processing and analysis are also presented. As is the case for all other data in the UK Biobank resource, this database of images and related information will be made available through UK Biobank’s Access Procedures to researchers (irrespective of their country of origin and whether they are academic or commercial) for health-related research that is in the public interest.},
keywords = {About UKBiobank, cardiovascular, population},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Manolio*2011,
title = {New Models for Large Prospective Studies: Is There a Better Way?},
author = {Teri A. Manolio and Brenda K. Weis and Catherine C. Cowie and Robert N. Hoover and Kathy Hudson and Barnett S. Kramer and Chris Berg and Rory Collins and Wendy Ewart and J. Michael Gaziano and Steven Hirschfeld and Pamela M. Marcus and Daniel Masys and Catherine A. McCarty and John McLaughlin and Alpa V. Patel and Tim Peakman and Nancy L. Pedersen and Catherine Schaefer and Joan A. Scott and Timothy Sprosen and Mark Walport and Francis S. Collins},
url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/175/9/859.short},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-03-12},
journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology},
volume = {175},
number = {9},
pages = {859-866},
abstract = {Large prospective cohort studies are critical for identifying etiologic factors for disease, but they require substantial long-term research investment. Such studies can be conducted as multisite consortia of academic medical centers, combinations of smaller ongoing studies, or a single large site such as a dominant regional health-care provider. Still another strategy relies upon centralized conduct of most or all aspects, recruiting through multiple temporary assessment centers. This is the approach used by a large-scale national resource in the United Kingdom known as the “UK Biobank,” which completed recruitment/examination of 503,000 participants between 2007 and 2010 within budget and ahead of schedule. A key lesson from UK Biobank and similar studies is that large studies are not simply small studies made large but, rather, require fundamentally different approaches in which “process” expertise is as important as scientific rigor. Embedding recruitment in a structure that facilitates outcome determination, utilizing comprehensive and flexible information technology, automating biospecimen processing, ensuring broad consent, and establishing essentially autonomous leadership with appropriate oversight are all critical to success. Whether and how these approaches may be transportable to the United States remain to be explored, but their success in studies such as UK Biobank makes a compelling case for such explorations to begin.},
keywords = {About UKBiobank, population},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}