As far as we know, the present study is the first to explore the association between diabetes and the risk of CKD subtypes. The strengths of our study included its, large sample size, and long follow-up time. Moreover, the data collection was conducted by well-trained technicians with standardized protocols. Second, we used detailed diabetes information to analyze the impact of diabetes on the risk of CKD from multiple perspectives, including the source of diabetes diagnosis. Third, we conducted a mediation analyses, which helped to identify the potential mediating effect between diabetes and the risk of CKD. Our research outcome will support the clinicians to better manage the diatetes to avoid the high prevelence of CKD among China, UK and USA.
