Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the leading causes of mortality globally. They account for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Due to the adoption of Westernized lifestyles witnessed a rapid increase in cardiovascular disease incidence. Cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia (“three highs”), smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, age,gender and psychological stress. These risk factors often coexist and synergistically elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Global cancer incidence has been increasing annually. A tumor is an abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled cellular proliferation under the influence of various carcinogenic factors. This trend is linked to population aging, environmental pollution, and lifestyle changes (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, high-calorie diets, and sedentary behavior). At the genetic level, local tissue cells lose normal growth regulation, leading to clonal dysplasia. Tumors can be classified into benign and malignant types. Malignant tumors, including carcinomas (e.g., lung, gastric, breast cancer) and sarcomas, exhibit invasive and metastatic properties, causing severe damage to other tissues and organs.
Tumor types are diverse, with varying incidence and mortality rates across different organs. Most tumor incidences increase with age, with a higher risk observed in elderly populations. Some tumors exhibit gender-specific patterns; for example, men have a higher incidence of lung and stomach cancers, while women are more prone to breast and cervical cancers.
Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Shared Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers, Common risk factors activate intracellular oxidative stress responses, generating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS).
