Anthropometric indicators such as body mass index , waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio , relative fat mass, body shape index, body roundness index, waist-to-weight index , and body surface area are essential measures of body composition, each reflecting different aspects of adiposity and fat distribution. However, the impact of these indicators on all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as chronic disease incidence, has not been fully validated, and there is limited evidence comparing their relative predictive value for these outcomes.
