Early onset cancer (diagnosis before 50yo) is increasing worldwide, even when genomic germline alterations should be stable, meaning that an external factor (exposome) should be the most probable cause of this rise. Smoking has been associated with several early onset tumors such as colorectal [Li et al. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2023], lung [Hara et al. J Epidemiol. 2010], pancreatic [Raimondi et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007], breast [Rosenberg et al. Cancer Causes Control 2014] or head and neck cancers [Mowery et al. Oral Oncology 2020]. Tobacco has been studied mainly as an adult or young adult risk factor, however the association between cancer and smoking during development has not been studied in deep. Here we propose to explore whether maternal smoking is associated with early onset cancer, for each cancer type individually and combined. The specific thresholds for early and late onset is usually stablished in 50yo and 70yo respective, but may change depending on the tumor type.
Specific Aim 1: To identify association between early onset tumors and maternal smoking comparing cases (<50yo) vs controls (healthy), both each cancer type individually and combined.
Specific Aim 2: To identify association between early onset tumors and maternal smoking comparing early onset (50yo), both each cancer individually and combined.