Research Questions: How do complex multimorbidity patterns dynamically evolve over time, and what biological and environmental factors collectively drive the onset and progression of complex diseases? What disparities exist in the quality of clinical care for complex diseases across different healthcare institutions, regions, and socioeconomic groups? How can key factors influencing high- or low-quality treatment patterns be identified?
Research Objectives: This study aims to uncover the patterns and dynamic evolution of complex multimorbidity, identify the biological and environmental determinants of complex diseases, and evaluate the quality of clinical care and treatment patterns for complex diseases.
Scientific Rationale: Previous studies have shown that complex multimorbidity has become a major public health issue significantly affecting population health and quality of life. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding individual disease mechanisms, comprehensive knowledge regarding the phenomenon of multimorbidity remains limited. Multimorbidity is not merely a coexistence of multiple diseases but likely involves shared biological pathways and common environmental and social determinants. For instance, studies based on large cohorts such as the UK Biobank have indicated that inflammatory pathways, insulin resistance, and dysregulated autonomic nervous function may serve as key mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of cardiovascular disease and depression. Meanwhile, social deprivation, low health literacy, and psychological stress may further exacerbate the accumulation of multiple diseases through health-related behavioral mediators. Therefore, elucidating the underlying risk factors of complex multimorbidity and systematically evaluating disparities in the quality of healthcare in this context are crucial.