Abstract
Current brain imaging to detect silent brain infarctions (SBIs) is not feasible for the general population. Here, to overcome this challenge, we developed a retinal image-based deep learning system, DeepRETStroke, to detect SBI and refine stroke risk. We use 895,640 retinal photographs to pretrain the DeepRETStroke system, which encodes a domain-specific foundation model for representing eye-brain connections. Then, we validated the downstream clinical tasks of DeepRETStroke using 213,762 retinal photographs from diverse datasets across China, Singapore, Malaysia, the USA, the UK and Denmark to detect SBI and predict stroke events. DeepRETStroke performed well in internal validation datasets, with areas under the curve of 0.901 for predicting incident stroke and 0.769 for predicting recurrent stroke. External validations demonstrated consistent performances across diverse datasets. Finally, in a prospective study comprising 218 participants with stroke, we assessed the performance of DeepRETStroke compared with clinical traits in guiding strategies for stroke recurrence prevention. Altogether, the retinal image-based deep learning system, DeepRETStroke, is superior to clinical traits in predicting stroke events, especially by incorporating the detection of SBI, without the need for brain imaging.