Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the importance of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD). While inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to PD, the association with other GI conditions remains unclear. This study analyzed data from 501,483 participants, including 907 PD cases. Cox models revealed that digestive diseases were significantly associated with an increased PD risk (HR = 1.43). Eleven digestive diseases were linked to PD, with lifestyle factors such as sleep patterns and diet reducing PD risk. Notably, interactions between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and sleep (P-int = 0.0119), and Crohn’s disease and dietary diversity (P-int = 0.0081) were observed. Population attributable fraction (PAF) analysis indicated that eliminating exposure to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis and duodenitis, and gallbladder and biliary diseases could reduce PD cases by approximately 8.9%, 7.9%, and 3.8%, respectively. These findings emphasize the role of digestive diseases and lifestyle in PD risk.