Abstract
BACKGROUND: Foods contain pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory components that may influence mood. This study aims to investigate the association between dietary inflammation, assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and anxiety and depression.
METHODS: DII was calculated from 29 food items in a 24-h diet recall questionnaire from the UK Biobank. Depression and anxiety disorders were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes from hospital records, while depressive and anxious moods were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between baseline dietary inflammation and future depression/anxiety disorders.
RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 14.1 years among 189,835 participants, the incidence of depression and anxiety disorders was 257.25 and 272.10 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The mean DII was -0.435, with a range from -6.566 to 5.449. Individuals with higher DII scores exhibited an elevated risk of depressive mood (OR [95 % CI] = 1.137 [1.111,1.162], P < 0.001), depression disorders (HR [95 % CI] = 1.063 [1.046,1.082], P < 0.001), anxiety mood (OR [95 % CI] = 1.094 [1.079-1.108], P < 0.001), and anxiety disorders (HR [95 % CI] = 1.023 [1.007,1.040], P < 0.001), after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical condition factors.
CONCLUSIONS: Diets with pro-inflammatory traits, reflected by a higher DII, were strongly linked to an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety in the future. An anti-inflammatory diet, guided by the DII, may offer a promising protective approach against these mental health issues.